1. Citizen journalists are members of the public who post news or media content by user generated content.
2. One of the first examples UGC was in 1991 when police were recorded beating up a black man.
3. News organisations now allow audience to participate through voting surveys, message boards and chat rooms.
4. The differences between professionally shot footage and UGC is that professionaaly shot footage has better quality image.however UGC is filmed on the spot with poor quality image with unexpected footage.
5. A gatekeeper is someone who controls what worth being broadcasted on the news and what is not.
6. In the present day the role of a Gate keeper has changed.they now focus on the content of new that is on the web.
7. More people making their own news content means that there is less need for professional journalists, this means that people are taking the roles and jobsof professional journalists which puts the journalists jobs in danger as there might not be no need for them in the future.
Tuesday 7 December 2010
Tuesday 2 November 2010
Post Feminism and popular culture - Citroen Car Advert
"This advert appears to suggest that yes, this is a self-consciously “sexist ad,” feminist critiques of it are deliberately evoked."
"Feminism is “taken into account,” but only to be shown to be no longer necessary."
"the shadow of disapproval is introduced (the striptease as site of female exploitation),only instantly to be dismissed as belonging to the past, to a time when feminists used to object to such imagery. To make such an objection nowadays would run the risk of ridicule".
Post-feminism and Popular Culture: Wonderbra Advert
"The Wonderbra advert showing the model Eva Herzigova looking down admiringly at her substantial cleavage"
"Wonderbra was through the mid-1990s positioned in major high street locations in the UK on full size billboards."
"The composition of the image had such a textbook “sexist ad” dimension that one could be forgiven for supposing some familiarity with both cultural studies and with feministcritiques of advertising (Judith Williamson 1987)."
"It was, in a sense, taking feminism into account by showing it to be a thing of the past, by provocatively “enacting sexism” while at the same time playing with those debates in film theory about women as the object of the gaze"
Understanding Post-Feminism
A more positive look at post-feminism : this is when it can make a positive impact on life.
Post-feminism as backlash to feminism: thisis becuase gender equality still has not been achieve.
Post-feminism as a colloquialism: this when people that that men are aginst feminsm.
The ambiguity of the prefix “post”:this when people think that feminism isover
Post-feminism as backlash to feminism: thisis becuase gender equality still has not been achieve.
Post-feminism as a colloquialism: this when people that that men are aginst feminsm.
The ambiguity of the prefix “post”:this when people think that feminism isover
Read/Highlight Exemplar Essay
Firstly, black males in hip hop music videos represented as violence and gang relation. However in this video challenges this ideology and this is signified by the lyrics of the song that oppose these things. The music is an alternative representation as it lacks hip hop music video iconographies such as guns and weapons that would signify violence and gang culture. On the other hand, it could be argued that the text almost parodies the gang crime with the artists: a group of people enforcing their beliefs to wider audiences, however their message is positive instead of a dominant message enforcing capitalism for example.
Secondly, the idea of money and getting “rich quick” is another ideology represented in the hip hop genre as a positive. In contrast, this text doesn’t even bring up the subject of money which instantly signifies it is an alternative representation of the hip hop culture.
Texts from the hip hop genre rely heavily on black stereotypes which are usually negative. Similarly, this text reinforces black stereotypes such as clothing- hoodies, caps and big glasses- and crime which is signified by one of the members of the group getting chased and caught by the police. However, it could be argued that the clothing is used as a way of engaging a hip hop audience, as it is associated with the genre, but then uses this stereotype to challenge other links and associations that come with it, such as violence and sexism. Therefore they represent black people and the genre as having a good side signified by them helping the community in the text.
Male characters in the hip hop genre are presented in negative ways such has: sexist, misogynistic, promiscuous, authoritative, arrogant and narcissistic. In contrast none of these stereotypes are shown, but challenged in the text through the use of the song. This is signified through the equal treatment of the male and female gender in particular the group itself that has a female artist in it. On the other hand, it could be argued that the group represent themselves as authoritative as they have control as an inspirational group with a positive- they could be regarded as leaders in this text instead of followers.
Alternative representations exist of male and/ or female roles in the hip hop genre?
In order to know the alternative representations of the hip-hop genre, we must first acknowledge the hip-hop culture and how the genre was made and how it has developed within the time. In the following I will discuss how the genre was created and how the genre has been influenced by the society to change.
Hip-hop is a musical genre which was originated by African- American music; the genre arose in the 1970s when block parties became popular within the black community. The genre developed to gangster rap in the 90s, this was when males where black males where portrayed to be hustlers, drugs dealers, convicts and pimps. The trend was mainly influenced by African American’s to show their struggle in the society. The racial events that took place in the 80s influenced the negativity that was produced by African- American’s in making hip-hop music. As the crime rates and gang cultures grew in America, this influenced rappers to talk about money, power, respect and sex, this is how they were also represented in music videos.
Rappers such as 2pac were represented as a thug, this is because the artist themselves were brought up in a ‘hard knock life’. This encouraged them to talk about their thug lifestyle and this was portrayed in their music videos by showing them selling drugs, pimping girls, making money and showing off their gats (guns).
However, in the present image of a male rapper has changed. For example, rapper like drake who speak about heartbreaks and goes against the stereotypical rappers as a gangster. Instead he portrays himself as a soft person who understands females and is not afraid to talk about heartbreaks.
Women are represented as sex symbols in the hip-hop genre. Women in hip-hop music videos are expected to show cleavage, strip and shake their booty. These images are why the dominant conception of women in hip-hop music videos consists of the terms- ‘hoe,’ ‘stripper,’ and ‘bitches’.
On the other hand, in the present day female rappers such as Nicki minaj are sending out message express as independent, strong, and capable of protecting themselves. A great representation of how women should be seen in music videos would be the music video ‘Irreplaceable’ by Beyonce. This video depicts how Beyonce protects herself from a man who cheated on her and also represents her as being a strong, young female empowered to take care of herself. Teaching young women how to carry themselves in a respectful and appropriate manner leads to those women knowing how to protect themselves and having respect for themselves.
Hip-hop is a musical genre which was originated by African- American music; the genre arose in the 1970s when block parties became popular within the black community. The genre developed to gangster rap in the 90s, this was when males where black males where portrayed to be hustlers, drugs dealers, convicts and pimps. The trend was mainly influenced by African American’s to show their struggle in the society. The racial events that took place in the 80s influenced the negativity that was produced by African- American’s in making hip-hop music. As the crime rates and gang cultures grew in America, this influenced rappers to talk about money, power, respect and sex, this is how they were also represented in music videos.
Rappers such as 2pac were represented as a thug, this is because the artist themselves were brought up in a ‘hard knock life’. This encouraged them to talk about their thug lifestyle and this was portrayed in their music videos by showing them selling drugs, pimping girls, making money and showing off their gats (guns).
However, in the present image of a male rapper has changed. For example, rapper like drake who speak about heartbreaks and goes against the stereotypical rappers as a gangster. Instead he portrays himself as a soft person who understands females and is not afraid to talk about heartbreaks.
Women are represented as sex symbols in the hip-hop genre. Women in hip-hop music videos are expected to show cleavage, strip and shake their booty. These images are why the dominant conception of women in hip-hop music videos consists of the terms- ‘hoe,’ ‘stripper,’ and ‘bitches’.
On the other hand, in the present day female rappers such as Nicki minaj are sending out message express as independent, strong, and capable of protecting themselves. A great representation of how women should be seen in music videos would be the music video ‘Irreplaceable’ by Beyonce. This video depicts how Beyonce protects herself from a man who cheated on her and also represents her as being a strong, young female empowered to take care of herself. Teaching young women how to carry themselves in a respectful and appropriate manner leads to those women knowing how to protect themselves and having respect for themselves.
Monday 18 October 2010
Media Guardian 100
Media Guardian 100 is an “annual guide to the most powerful people in television, radio, newspapers, magazines, digital media, media business, advertising, marketing and PR.
The panellist are Andrew Zein, he is the vice-president in the international television production unit of Warner Bros. Christian Payne is the social technologist, freelance mobile media maker, photographer and logger. Farah Ramzan Golant is the chief executive of advertising agency AMV BBDO. Luke Johnson is the founder of Risk Capital Partners, a private equity firm he started 10 years ago. Oona King is head of diversity at Channel 4 and was previously senior policy adviser to Gordon Brown on equalities and diversity. Jane Martinson is the editor of Media Guardian. She has previously been associate City editor, writing a weekly interview for the business pages; media business editor; City news editor; and US business correspondent based in New York. John Plunkett writes about radio, among many other things, for Media Guardian and edits its diary column, media monkey. Steve Busfield is the head of media and technology across the Guardian, the Observer and guardian.co.uk. lastly, Veronica Wadley was editor of the London Evening Standard from 2002 to 2009. She was previously deputy editor of The Daily Telegraph and Daily Mail.
There are 10 females in the top 100. I have listed them below, I have also listed the companies that they work for along with their roles within the company.
1) Jay Hunt (No 12 in top 100)
Company:BBC 1
Role: controller
2) Rebekah brooks (No. 16 in top 100)
Company: News international
Role: chef executive
3) Elisabeth Murdoch (No. 18 in top 100)
Company: Shine group
Role: chairman and chied executive
4) Helen Boaden (No. 21 in top 100)
Company: BBC news
Role: director
5) Dame Marjorie Scardino (No. 25 in top 100)
Company: Pearson
Role: Chief executive
6) Tessa Ross (No. 34 in top 100)
Company: Channel 4
Role: controller of film and drama
7) Dame Gail Rebuck (No. 36 in top 100)
Company: Random House
Role: Chairman and chief executive
8) Roisin Donnelly (No. 42 in top 100)
Company: Procter & Gamble UK and Ireland
Role: Corporate marketing director
9) Jana Bennett (No. 45 in top 100)
Company: BBC
Role: Director of vision
10) Cilla snowball (No. 50 in top 100)
Company: AMV Group
Role: Chairman and chief
Tuesday 12 October 2010
Analysis of advert: repersenting female in a ngative way
The following advert connotes that all women are vein about their image however the male males are not. For example, as the female is walking past she is idolised to be attractive however the males are shown to be nerds drooling over the female. The female is able to grab all of the male attention by her sexual figure and have the male gazing at her. This connotes that female only have power over male through using their body as an sex object.
Males are known to have a fetish for bums and boobies, a close up is shown to attract the male’s attention; reason being this has been done is because males stereotypically known to be perverts. In the advert they are shown being under control by the female as she walks past. The advert shows that female are nothing but a sex object to males.
The female is represented as a ‘slut’ with her tight mini skirt and top allowing her to reveal her arms, legs and over exaggerate the size of her bum to come out. This connotes that all females are slutty and how they reveal them self's just to get attention.
At the end of the advert, the female steps into the elevator and smiles at the males that are gazing at her, this connotes that females are nothing but just a slight tease and a flirt. Once the door closes, her belly is exposed as her cloths rips to revealing that she was sucking her stomach in at all time, this shows the extreme measurements that females go through in order to gain male attention and that the only way they can gain control of male is through their body.
On the other hand, the advert also connotes that female has ugly side to them which puts men off. The advert also brings out the awareness of obesity upon women and how they are all concerned about their health and figure and the extreme measurements they will take in order to present themselves as a glamorous model.
Questions
1. What sort of images of women and men dominated advertising pre-1970s? Why was this?
The housewife Image was still common in the 60’s and 70’s even though after the 50’s this image started to decline. This is because this was the Feminist era.
2. How did the advertising of the 1970’s continue to perpetuate the stereotype of women, despite depicting women in a greater range of roles?
Though this was the feminist era, and woman were demanding more rights, men were still pretty much superior as they still are and women were and are in the subordinate group. The term sexism, started to run through peoples vocabulary and the charm of the woman was the sexuality of her. It was a “Retro-sexism as a social and stylistic”.
3. Can Gaye Tuchman’s quote regarding under-representation and the ‘symbolic annihilation of women’ still be applied in 21st Century advertising? If so, how?
I believe there is no complete symbolic annihilation of women in the media however, there is under representation of women in today’s media. The dominant and stereotypical representation of women today is of being the sex object and fulfilling the male needs by sexually satisfying them. Very rarely do we see any form of a positive representation of women. I also strongly agree with Mulvey’s theory that we are looking from the male gaze, as almost all adverts show us how males would represent women in adverts.
4. Do you agree that adverts, such as those for the 1990’s Boots No. 7, ‘It’s not make-up. Its ammunition.’ campaign, are post-feminist (thereby representing women as better than men?). Explain your answer.
Though the slogan is trying to present women in a powerful light, as if their makeup is ‘ammunition’ and has the power to kill, the connotations behind it are still the same as any other advert. It’s trying to say ‘If looks could kill’, as if the only strong aspect of the woman is her Makeup, not even her natural self. It’s also very much a femme fatale philosophy that the woman can seduce a man with ‘deadly’ looks and can kill them too.
5. Is the representation of women by the media accountable for the results of a survey in which ‘women were up to ten times more likely than men to be unhappy with their body image’?
Yes the media is responsible for the responses in the survey. The media portrays a ‘perfect’ image of women, which real women try to achieve. Posters of air brushed models represent what a woman should look like, but no one looks like that in reality, however even knowing that women still try to achieve that look, and when they fail they feel unhappy with the way they look.
6. Is the contemporary representation of men in advertising perhaps also a negative one where they too are treated as sex objects?
Recent adverts do also objectify men but not as much as women are in adverts. We have adverts like Lynx where both the men and the women are objectified but it’s always the woman chasing after the man, dominating the male gender and overtly objectifying the female gender.
The housewife Image was still common in the 60’s and 70’s even though after the 50’s this image started to decline. This is because this was the Feminist era.
2. How did the advertising of the 1970’s continue to perpetuate the stereotype of women, despite depicting women in a greater range of roles?
Though this was the feminist era, and woman were demanding more rights, men were still pretty much superior as they still are and women were and are in the subordinate group. The term sexism, started to run through peoples vocabulary and the charm of the woman was the sexuality of her. It was a “Retro-sexism as a social and stylistic”.
3. Can Gaye Tuchman’s quote regarding under-representation and the ‘symbolic annihilation of women’ still be applied in 21st Century advertising? If so, how?
I believe there is no complete symbolic annihilation of women in the media however, there is under representation of women in today’s media. The dominant and stereotypical representation of women today is of being the sex object and fulfilling the male needs by sexually satisfying them. Very rarely do we see any form of a positive representation of women. I also strongly agree with Mulvey’s theory that we are looking from the male gaze, as almost all adverts show us how males would represent women in adverts.
4. Do you agree that adverts, such as those for the 1990’s Boots No. 7, ‘It’s not make-up. Its ammunition.’ campaign, are post-feminist (thereby representing women as better than men?). Explain your answer.
Though the slogan is trying to present women in a powerful light, as if their makeup is ‘ammunition’ and has the power to kill, the connotations behind it are still the same as any other advert. It’s trying to say ‘If looks could kill’, as if the only strong aspect of the woman is her Makeup, not even her natural self. It’s also very much a femme fatale philosophy that the woman can seduce a man with ‘deadly’ looks and can kill them too.
5. Is the representation of women by the media accountable for the results of a survey in which ‘women were up to ten times more likely than men to be unhappy with their body image’?
Yes the media is responsible for the responses in the survey. The media portrays a ‘perfect’ image of women, which real women try to achieve. Posters of air brushed models represent what a woman should look like, but no one looks like that in reality, however even knowing that women still try to achieve that look, and when they fail they feel unhappy with the way they look.
6. Is the contemporary representation of men in advertising perhaps also a negative one where they too are treated as sex objects?
Recent adverts do also objectify men but not as much as women are in adverts. We have adverts like Lynx where both the men and the women are objectified but it’s always the woman chasing after the man, dominating the male gender and overtly objectifying the female gender.
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